BulkConductor

class pmrf.materials.BulkConductor(sigma: Any = 58000000.0, mu_r: Any = 1.0, *, name: str | None = None, metadata: Any = None)

Bases: AbstractConductor

Smooth bulk metal, in the strong skin-effect regime.

Mathematical Formulation

\[Z_s(\omega) = \sqrt{\frac{j\omega\mu}{\sigma}} \qquad \delta = \sqrt{\frac{2}{\omega\mu\sigma}}\]

where \(\mu = \mu_0\mu_r\). The real part is the skin resistance per square and the imaginary part is the internal reactance, equal to it in this regime.

Example

import pmrf as prf
from pmrf.materials import BulkConductor

copper = BulkConductor(sigma=5.8e7)
freq = prf.Frequency(start=1, stop=10, npoints=101, unit='ghz')
zs = copper.properties(freq).zs

References

Pozar, D. M. (2011). Microwave Engineering (4th ed.), Section 1.7. Wiley.

Parameters:

• sigma (Param, default=5.8e7) – Conductivity in S/m. Defaults to copper.

• mu_r (Param, default=1.0) – Relative permeability of the conductor.

classmethod from_rho(rho, **kwargs)

Build a conductor from a resistivity in ohm-meters instead of a conductivity.

properties(freq: Frequency) → ConductorProperties

Evaluate surface impedance, conductivity, and permeability.

mu_r: Param = 1.0

Relative permeability of the conductor

sigma: Param = 58000000.0

Conductivity in S/m